KYUSEI NATURE FARMING WITH EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM
TECHNOLOGY)
1.0 Introduction (Top of Page)
Kyusei Nature Farming was developed in Japan with the objective of producing food that is safe and
free of harmful chemicals and toxic materials. For many years the practitioners of Kyusei Nature
Farming adopted the organic farming system, with little results to provide adequate food for the
majority of the population.
In the 1980's, Prof. Dr. Teruo Higa introduced the concept of Effective Microorganisms(EM) to
Kyusei Nature Farming. Thus, a group of beneficial microorganisms were cultured and used as a means
of improving soil conditions, suppressing disease inducing microbes and improving the efficiency of
organic matter utilization by crops. This technology proved to be highly successful, and thus an
international conference was organized in November 1989 in Thailand to introduce this technology to
the Asia Pacific region. At this conference, the Asia Pacific Natural Agriculture Network (APNAN)
was formed.
The primary aim of APNAN is to establish an international network of scientists in the Asia Pacific
region, in order to promote research, education practices and technologies.
These activities will be based on the principles of Kyusei Nature Farming and the technology of
Effective Microorganisms (EM).
1.1 Ideal Agriculture (Top of Page)
The main theme of Kyusei Nature Farming is to practice an IDEAL AGRICULTURE. The five principles of
ideal agriculture as advocated by Kyusei Nature Farming are:
-
- It produces safe and nutritious food to enhance human health.
-
- It is economically and spiritually beneficial to both producers(farmers) and
consumers.
-
- It is sustainable and easily practiced by everyone.
-
- It conserves our environment.
-
- It produces sufficient food of high quality for an expanding world population.
-
1.2 USE OF BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN AGRICULTURE (Top of Page)
Agricultural production begins with the process of photosynthesis by green plants, which requires
solar energy, water, and carbon dioxide. These materials are freely available. Therefore, it can be
defined that "Agriculture is to produce something from nothing". Althought it sounds good, when
observed as an economic activity, present agriculture has an extremely low efficiency. This is due
to the very low utilization efficiency of solar energy by plants.
The potential utilization rate of solar energy by plants has been estimated theoretically to be
between 10 and 20%. However, the actual utilization rate is less than 1%. Even the utilization rate
of C4 plants, such as sugar cane which have a high photosynthetic efficiency, barely exceeds 6 or
7% during the maximum growth period. The utilization rate is normally less than 3% even for
producing optimum crop yields.
Past studies have shown that photosynthetic efficiency of the chloroplasts of host crop can not be
enhanced much further. This means that their biomass production capacity has reached a maximum.
Therefore, the best opportunity for increasing biomass production is to utilize the visible light,
which chloroplasts can not presently use, and the infrared radiation. These together account for
about 80% of the total solar energy. We should also explore ways of recycling organic energy
contained in plant and animal residues through direct utilization of organic molecules by
plants.
In the presence of organic matter, photosynthetic bacteria and algae can utilize wavelengths
ranging from 700 to 1200 nm. Green plants do not use these wavelengths. Fermenting microorganisms
can also breakdown organic matter, thereby releasing complex compounds such as amino acids for
plant use. This increases the efficiency of organic matter for crop production Thus a key factor
for increasing crop production is the availability of organic matter, which has been developed by
utilizing solar energy and the presence of efficient microbes to decompose these materials. This
increases the utilization efficiency of solar energy.
2.0 EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS (EM) (Top of Page)
Effective Microorganisms or EM is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms (primarily
photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, fermenting fungi) that can be
applied as an inoculant to increase the microbial diversity of soils. This in turn, can improve
soil quality and health, which enhances the growth, yield, and quality of crops.
The concept of inoculating soils and plants with beneficial microorganisms to create a more
favorable microbiological environment for plant growth has been discussed for decades by
agricultural scientists. However, the technology behind the concept of Effective Microorganisms and
it's practical application was developed by Professor Teruo Higa at the University of the Ryukyus
in Okinawa, Japan.
Professor Higa has devoted much of his scientific career to isolating and selecting different
microorganisms for developing beneficial effects on soils and plants. He has found microorganisms
that can coexist in mixed cultures and are physiologically compatible with one another. When these
cultures are introduced into the natural environment, their individual beneficial effects are
greatly magnified in a synergistic fashion.
EM cultures do not contain any genetically modified microorganisms. EM is made up of mixed cultures
of microbial species that are found in natural environments worldwide.
2.1 EFFECTS OF EM (Top of Page)
The following are some of the beneficial influences of EM:
-
Promotes germination, flowering, fruiting and ripening in plants.
-
Improves physical, chemical and biological environments of the soil and suppresses soil
borne pathogens and pests.
-
Enhances the photosynthetic capacity of crops.
-
Ensures better germination and plant establishment
-
Increases the efficacy of organic matter as fertilizers.
Due to the above stated beneficial effects of EM, yields and quality of crops are
enhanced.
* EM is not a pesticide and thus does not contain chemicals that could be construed as such. EM is
a microbial inoculant that functions as a biological control measure in suppressing and/or
controlling pests through the introduction of beneficial microorganisms to the plant environment.
Therefore, pests and pathogens are suppressed or controlled through natural processes by increasing
the competitive and antagonistic activities of the microorganisms in EM inoculants.
2.2 PRINCIPAL MICROORGANISMS IN EM AND THEIR ACTION IN SOIL (Top of Page)
(1) Photosynthetic bacteria (Phototrophic bacteria)
Photosynthetic bacteria are independent self supporting microorganisms. These bacteria synthesize
useful substances from secretions of roots, organic matter and/or harmful gases (e.g. hydrogen
sulfide) by using sunlight and the heat of soil as sources of energy. The useful substances
comprise of amino acids, nucleic acids, bioactive substances and sugars, all of which promote plant
growth and development.
These metabolites are absorbed into plants directly and also act as substrates for increasing
bacteria. Thus increasing Photosynthetic bacteria in the soil enhances other effective
microorganisms. For example, VA (vesicular-arbuscular) mycorrhiza in the rhizosphere are increased
due to the availability of nitrogenous compounds (amino acids) for use as substrates secreted by
Photosynthetic bacteria. VA mycorrhiza increases the solubility of phosphates in soils thereby
supplying unavailable phosphorus to plants. VA mycorrhiza can coexist with Azotobactor as
nitrogenfixing bacteria and enhance nitrogen fixing ability of legumes.
(2) Lactic acid bacteria
Lactic acid bacteria produces lactic acid from sugars, and other carbohydrates produced by
Photosynthetic bacteria and Yeast. Thus, food and drinks such as yogurt and pickles have been made
by using Lactic acid bacteria for a long period of time. However, lactic acid is a strong
sterilizer. It suppresses harmful microorganisms and increases rapid decomposition of organic
matter. Moreover Lactic acid bacteria enhances the breakdown of organic matter such as lignin and
cellulose, and ferments these materials without causing harmful influences caused by undecomposed
organic matter.
Lactic acid bacteria has the ability to suppress Fusarium propagation which is a harmful
microorganism causing disease problems in continuous cropping. Generally, increased Fusarium
populations weakens plants. This condition promotes diseases and also results in the sudden
increase of harmful nematodes. The occurrence of nematodes disappear gradually, as Lactic acid
bacteria suppresses the propagation and function of Fusarium.
(3) Yeasts
Yeasts synthesize antimicrobial and useful substances for plant growth from amino acids and sugars
secreted by Photosynthetic bacteria, organic matter and plant roots.
Bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes produced by yeasts promote active cell and root
division. Their secretions are useful substrates for effective microorganisms such as Lactic acid
bacteria and Actinomycetes.
(4) Actinomycetes
Actinomycetes, the structure of which is intermediate to that of bacteria and fungi, produces
antimicrobial substances from amino acids secreted by Photosynthetic bacteria and organic matter.
These antimicrobial substances suppress harmful fungi and bacteria.
Actinomycetes can coexist with Photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, both species enhance the quality of
the soil environment, by increasing the antimicrobial activity of the soil.
(5) Fermenting Fungi
Fermenting fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium decompose organic matter rapidly to produce
alcohol, esters and antimicrobial substances.
These suppress odors and prevent infestation of harmful insects and maggots.
Each species of Effective Microorganisms (photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts,
actinomycetes and fermenting fungi) has its own important function. However, photosynthetic
bacteria is the pivot of EM activity.
Photosynthetic bacteria support the activities of other microorganisms. On the other hand,
photosynthetic bacteria also utilizes substances produced by other microorganisms. This phenomenon
is termed "coexistence and co-prosperity".
When Effective Microorganisms increase as a community in soils, populations of native effective
microorganisms are also enhanced. Thus, the micro flora becomes rich and microbial ecosystems in
the soil become well-balanced, where specific microorganisms (especially harmful microorganisms) do
not increase. Thus, soil borne diseases are suppressed.
Plant roots secrete substances such as carbohydrates, amino and organic acids and active enzymes.
Effective microorganisms use these secretions for growth. During this process, they also secrete
and provide amino and nucleic acids, a variety of vitamins and hormones to plants. Furthermore, in
such soils, effective microorganisms in the rooting zone(rhizosphere) co-exist (symbiosis) with
plants. Hence, plants grow exceptionally well in such soils which are dominated by effective
microorganisms.
This chart shows the fuctions of Effective Microorgansims in the
soil.
3.0 APPLICATION OF EM1 (Top of Page)
Basically, EM can be applied in four ways, namely as EM1 stock solution, EM5 solution, EM Bokashi
and as EM fermented plant extract.
3.1 EM1 Stock Solution (Top of Page)
EM1 stock solution can be applied by:
-
Watering into the soil (by watering cans, sprinklers or irrigation systems)
-
Spray onto plants (foliar spray) by sprayer or watering can
3.2 EM BOKASHI (EM fermented organic matters) (Top of Page)
"Bokashi" is a Japanese word which means "Fermented organic matter". It is made by fermenting
organic matter (rice bran, oil cake, fish meal etc.) with EM. Bokashi is normally found as a powder
or as granules. Bokashi has been used by Japanese farmers as traditional soil amendments to
increase the microbial diversity of soils and supply nutrients to crops. Traditionally Bokashi has
been made by fermenting organic matter such as rice bran by soil from forests or mountains, which
contain various microorganisms.
However, EM Bokashi is fermented organic matter using EM instead of forest or mountain soil. Thus,
EM Bokashi is an important additive to increase effective microorganisms in the soil. (Details on
the preparation of EM Bokashi is discussed later.)
3.3 EM5 (EM fermented solutions) (Top of Page)
EM5 is a fermented mixture of vinegar, spirits(alcohol), molasses and EM 1.
It is used to spray the plant to suppress pathogens and keep away insect pests. (Details of EM5
preparation is discussed later.)
3.4 EM Fermented Plant Extract (EM-F.P.E.) (Top of Page)
EM fermented plant extract is a mixture of fresh weeds fermented with molasses and EM 1. The main
effect of this extract is to supply quality nutrients to crops, and also to suppress pathogens and
keep away insects.
4.0 EM1 STOCK SOLUTION (Top of Page)
Original EM 1 is yellow-brown liquid with a pleasant odor and sweet-sour taste. The pH of EM 1
should be below 3.5.
If it has a bad smell or foul odor or pH is more than 4.0, the EM1 has deteriorated. It should not
be used.
4.1 USE OF EM1 STOCK SOLUTION (Top of Page)
Original EM1 is dormant. Thus EM1 needs to be activated by the provision of 'water' and 'food'.
This is done by adding water and molasses. (Use EM diluted solution (0.1%) to apply to crops.)
- 1 litre (1000 cc) of water
- 1 cc of EM1
- 1 cc of Molasses or 1g of any sugars
This solution is left for 2-24 hours and sprayed to plants, soil or organic
matter.
5.0 BOKASHI (Top of Page)
Bokashi is equivalent to compost, but it is prepared by fermenting organic matter with EM. It can
be used 3 - 14 days after treatment (fermentation). Bokashi can be used for crop production even
though the organic matter has not decomposed as in compost.
When bokashi is applied to soil, organic matter can be utilized as a feed for effective
microorganisms to breed in the soil, as well as supplying nourishment to crops.
5.1 Aerobic Bokashi and Anaerobic Bokashi (Top of Page)
Bokashi is classified as "Aerobic bokashi" and "Anaerobic bokashi" based on the manufacturing
process. The advantages and disadvantages of aerobic and anaerobic bokashi are as follows:
Aerobic type Advantage: Can be produced on a large scale.
Fermentation period is shorter than in the anaerobic type.
Aerobic type Disadvantage: Energy of organic matter is lost, if
temperatures during fermentation is uncontrolled.
Anaerobic type Advantage: Maintains energy(nutrition) of organic
matter. This condition is similar to silage.
Anaerobic type Disadvantage: Mismanagement causes spoilage.
In Japan, the anaerobic type is popular, but in Thailand the aerobic type is widely
used.
5.2 Materials of Bokashi (Top of Page)
EM can utilize any type of organic matter. For example, the following can be used as organic matter
in preparing Bokashi
Rice bran, corn bran, wheatbran, maize flour, rice husk, bean husk, rice straw, oil cake cotton
seed cake, pressmud, bagasse,chopped weeds, sawdust. coconut fiber and husks. crop residues such as
empty fruit bunches in oil palm, fish meal. bone meal. dung of any animals, kitchen garbage, sea
weed. crab hells and similar material.
However, rice bran is recommended as an important ingredient of Bokashi, as it contains excellent
nutrients for microorganisms. It is desirable to combine organic matter which have low and high C/N
ratios. Generally the use of at least three types of organic matter is recommended in order to
increase microbial diversity.
Adding wood or rice husk charcoal, zeolite, kelp, grass and wood ash to Bokashi is desirable. These
porous materials improve soil physical conditions and nutrient holding capacity. They also act as
harbouring points for effective microorganisms.
5.3 Preparing Bokashi (Top of Page)
There are many types of Bokashi, depending on the organic matter used. The preparation of a typical
Bokashi is as follows:
Materials:
| Japan |
Amount (volume) |
Thailand |
| Rice Bran |
100 litres |
Rice Bran |
| Oil Cake |
25 litres |
Rice Husk |
| Fish Meal |
25 litres |
Chicken Dung |
| EM1 |
150 cc |
EM1 |
| Molasses* |
150 cc |
Molasses* |
| Water** |
15 litres |
Water** |
* If you do not have molasses, any kind of sugar can be used. Some materials that can be used are
raw cane sugar, juice of any fruits and waste water of alcohol industries.
** The quantity of water is a guideline. The quantum of water that needs to be added will depend on
the moisture content of the materials used. The ideal quantum of water is that required to moisten
the material, without drainage.
Preparation
-
Anaerobic-type
- Mix rice bran, oil cake and fish meal well.
- Dissolve molasses in the water(1 :100). It is easily dissolved in warm water.
- Add EM into the above prepared molasses solution
- Pour the EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM dilution
gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no drainage of
excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by squeezing a
handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling. However, on
touching it should crumble easily.
- Put the mixture thus made into a bag that does not permit air movement (e.g. paper or
polyethylene bag). This is placed within another polyethylene bag (black vinyl) to prevent
movement of air. Close the bag tightly to maintain an anaerobic condition. This is placed away
from direct sunlight.
- Temperate zone fermenting period: More than 3-4 days in the summer, more than 7-8 in the
winter (In winter, put the container in a warm location to hasten fermentation), and more than
3-4 days in the tropics. The Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell. If
it produces a sour and rotten smell, it is a failure.
- Anaerobic Bokashi should be used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it
on a concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Note: Please prevent
rodent or other pest attacks.
-
Aerobic-type
- Mix rice bran, oil cake and fish meal well.
- Dissolve molasses in the water(1 :100). It is easily dissolved in warm water.
- Add EM into the above prepared molasses solution
- Pour the EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM dilution
gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no drainage of
excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by squeezing a
handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling. However, on
touching it should crumble easily.
- Put the mixture made above on a concrete floor, and cover with gunny bag, straw mat or
similar material. Avoid exposure of this material to rain.
- Under aerobic conditions, bokashi ferments rapidly. Thus the temperature increases.
Ideally, the temperature should be kept around 35-45°C. Thus, please check temperature
regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50°C, mix the Bokashi
well to aerate it.
- Temperate zone fermenting period: More than 3-4 days in the summer, more than 7-8 days in
the winter and more than 2-4 days in the tropics. It is ready for use when it gives a sweet
fermented smell and white mold is observed. If it has a sour and rotten smell, it is
failure.
- This Bokashi is best used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it on a
concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Please prevent rodent or
other pest attacks.
The efficacy of Bokashi made at temperatures above 50°C is 50% lower than that made at a lower
temperature. This is due to the loss of heat energy at high temperatures.
*Please practice preparing bokashi several times. The key of preparing good bokashi is to know
suitable moisture content and temperature of bokashi through practice.
It is recommended that you join the EM technology workshop to learn the process.
5.4 Using Bokashi (Top of Page)
In general, apply Bokashi 200g per 1 square meter on the top soil, when enough organic matters has
been applied.
You can apply more (maximum 1 kg per 1 square meter), when soil is poor or as little organic
matter.
6.0 EM5 (Also known in Japan as Sutochu) (Top of Page)
EM5 is a non-chemical insect repellent and is non toxic . EM5 is used to prevent disease and pest
problems in crop plants. It is usually sprayed onto plants at a dilution of 1/500 -1/1000 in water.
It is mainly used to repel insects by creating a sort of barrier. EM5 could also control insect
populations. EM5 carried by insects to places of food storage could "contaminate" the stored food.
The process of fermentation that takes place in the food due to EM5 makes it non-edible to insects,
thereby diminishing populations.
In making EM5, ingredients may vary. A standard set of ingredients is listed below. However, to
make effective EM5 for more persistent pests, more organic materials should be added (organic
materials that has a high quantum of antioxidants such as garlic, hot peppers, aloe, neem leaf,
pruned green fruits, and grass) which are considered to be of medicinal value. When using such
materials, they should be chopped or mashed in a mixer. Some or all of the materials may be used in
making EM5.
6.1 Making EM5 (Top of Page)
The following is a standard set of ingredients for making EM5
Ingredients (Standard)
| Water* |
600 cc |
| Molasses |
100 cc |
| Vinegar** |
100 cc |
| Distilled Spirit (30-50%)*** |
100 cc |
| EM1 |
100 cc |
* Well water preferred since tap water is chlorinated.
** Natural vinegar is better than artificial acids
*** Whiskey or Ethyl alcohol could be used.
Items needed in making of EM5:
A large pot may be used to initially blend all of the ingredients. Plastic containers are required
to store the EM5 along with a funnel to pour the EM into the containers.
Preparation
- Blend the molasses with water, make certain that it has been completely dissolved. You may
use warm water for quick dilution of molasses.
- Add vinegar and distilled spirit, followed by EM1.
- Pour the mixed solution into a plastic container which can be shut tightly (A glass
container should not be used). Remove excess air in container to maintain anaerobic
conditions.
- Store the bottle in a warm place (20-35°C), away from direct sunlight.
- When container is expanded by the fermented gas, loosen the cap of the container to release
gas. Shut it tightly again.
The EM5 is ready for use when the production of gas has subsided. The EM5 should have a sweet
smell (Ester/alcohol).
Storage:
EM5 should be stored in a dark cool place, which has a uniform temperature. Do not store in the
refrigerator or in direct sunlight. EM5 should be used within three months after
preparation.
6.2 Using EM5 (Top of Page)
- Spray EM5 diluted in water 1/500-1/1000 to wet the crop.
- Start spraying after germination, before pests and diseases appear.
- Spray in the morning or after heavy rains.
- Apply EM5 regularly.
Since EM5 is not a pesticide, germicide or a harmful chemical, the application method is
different from other agrochemicals. Chemicals are used to solve a problem forcefully and quickly
and are applied at specific intervals. EM5, on the other hand, should be applied from the time of
planting before the development of any disease or pests. If this is not done and diseases or pests
appear, EM5 should be sprayed daily until the problem disappears.
Application can be done once - twice a week with a direct spray onto the plants. Direct spraying on
harmful insects should reduce populations leading to eventual disappearance. A thorough spraying to
the plant ensures good results. Continuous or regular sprayings ensure that harmful insects which
may have escaped or are recent additions will be affected by the EM5.
EM5 works over time. Thus regular applications brings out the best results.
Although chemical applications may give rapid results, it may be harmful to plants and soil. The
long term effects may be disastrous not only to the environment but also to the farmer's economic
condition and health. EM5 has no adverse effect even with excessive applications. In contrast, EM5
may enhance the plant's strength through the absorption of EM and therefore increase the level of
antioxidation (that is, the ability to suppress disease, pest infestation, and overcome any
debilitating factors.). Although EM5 may take time to create the best condition depending on soil
and type of crops grown, it will benefit the environment, the soil, the plant cultivated, and the
economic status of the farmer.
The upliftment of the economic status occurs as EM5 can be made easily and heaply. Over the long
term, less EM5 (costs for the material to make EM5) is needed since the soil conditions change.
This ensures a healthy and strong crop to protect itself from disease and pests. The post-harvest
crop residues incorporated back to soil as a pre-treatment before the next season is recommended
and, additionally, the use of EM5 would help in the suppression of diseases and pests that would be
recycled back into the next crop.
EM5 contains EM l - therefore it contributes to the beneficial effects that EM 1 increasing yield
and quality of the crop. Thus, less expense is incurred on fertilizers and no cost would be
expended on agricultural chemicals.
7.0 EM FERMENTED PLANT EXTRACT (EM-F.P.E.) (Top of Page)
EM fermented plant extract is prepared by using fresh weeds and EM1.
EM-F.P.E. includes organic acids, bioactive substances, minerals and other useful substances from
weeds. The production cost of EM-F.P.E.. is very low, because of the use of weeds.
7.1 Preparation of EM Fermented Plant Extract (Top of Page)
The following is a standard set of ingredients for making EM-F.P.E.:
Ingredients (for 20 litres bucket or drum)
| Chopped Fresh Weeds * |
14 litres |
| Water** |
14 litres |
| Molasses*** |
420 cc |
| EM1**** |
420 cc |
* Use weeds, which have strong life such as mugwort, artemisia, clover and grass which are
considered to be of medicinal value. Pruned green fruits and young shoots could be incorporated.
The use of various types of weeds is recommended in order to increase bio-active substances and
microbial diversity. The weeds should be cut in the morning.
** Well water is preferred since tap water is chlorinated. Adding a little amount of seawater
(0.1%) is useful to supply minerals to crops.
*** 3% of water.
**** 3% of water.
Items needed in making of EM-F.P.E.:
Large plastic bucket or drum, weight to press chopped weed, black vinyl bag, and wooden
lid.
Preparation
- Cut weeds and chop well (2-5cm).
- Put chopped weeds into bucket.
- Mix EM1 and molasses into water and pour the solution into bucket.
- Cover the top of bucket with black vinyl bag.
- Put lid on the vinyl, and then put weight on the lid. At the time, take care not to leave
air in the bucket.
- Store the bucket in a warm place (20 – 35°C), away rom direct sunlight.
- Fermentation begins and gas is generated within 25 days. (depending on temperature).
- Stir the weeds in the bucket regularly to release the gas.
- The EM-F.P.E . is ready for use when pH of the solution is below 3.5. Put EM-F.P.E. into
plastic bottle after removing the weeds by filtration (use gauze or cloth).
Storage:
EM-F.P.E. should be stored in a dark cool place, which has a uniform emperature. Do not store in
the refrigerator or in direct sunlight. EM-F.P.E. should be used within one month after
preparation.
7.2 Using EM-F.P.E. (Top of Page)
- Watering into the soil (1:1000) by watering cans, sprinkler or irrigation system.
- Spray EM-F.P.E. diluted solution (1:500-1:1000) to wet the crop.
- Start spraying after germination, before pests and diseases appear.
- Spray in the morning or after heavy rains.
- Apply EM-F.P.E. regularly.
- The combination of EM-F.P.E. and EM5 is more effective.
8.0 EM1 IN CROP PRODUCTION (Top of Page)
8.1 RICE (Top of Page)
[Autumn treatment in temperate zones.] (After harvest in the tropics)
After harvest, add all crop residues (rice straw and rice husk) to the field, and apply 30-150kg/
10a of Bokashi and 500 - 5000L/10a of EM diluted solution (1 :1000) (1-10L/l0a of EM stock
solution).
[Raising of seedling]
To hasten germination and prevent diseases, soak rice seeds into EM diluted solution (1:1000) until
seeds are enlarged. It is preferable to change the solution daily. During raising of seedling,
apply EM with water( 1:1000) total 4-5 times. To prevent pest and disease, spray EM5(1:500) to
seedlings several times.
[Spring treatment - for temperate zones.]
At plowing, apply 30-150kg/ba of Bokashi and 50 - 5000L/10a of EM diluted solution(1 :1000) (1 - 10
L/ 10a of EM stock solution).
[Before and after planting rice seedling]
At puddling, apply 1-10L/ 10a of EM. High concentration (1:50-1:100) can be acceptable, because the
rice field is flooded. 10-15 days after transplanting, apply 500-1000L/10a of EM diluted
solution(1:1000)(1-2L/10a of EM stock solution), before intercultivation and
weeding.
[Growing period]
While observing growth, apply Bokashi(30-50 kg/ 10a) as supplementary fertilizer. Spray 500-5000L/
10a of EM diluted solution( 1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) every 1 or 2 month. Also spray
EM5(1 :500) regularly. A total of 3 - 6 applications of EM and EM5 is required up to
harvest.
Weeding in Rice fields (without herbicides)
-
The principle of suppressing weeds by EM
Microorganisms (particularly lactic acid bacteria) in EM produces organic acids such as
lactic acid and other bioactive substances when applied with organic mater to the soil.
These organic acids and bioactive substances break the dormancy of seeds. They also act on
perennial weeds like a rotary cultivator, and obstructs callus formation, which results in
fermented decomposition of the tubers and roots. By this action weeds are sprouted by force
after tilling in autumn or rough puddling. These weeds just sprouted can be suppressed at
the final puddling, in order to cut down the number of weeding after
planting.
Lactic acid bacteria begins activity at a ground temperature above 5°C. The higher the
ground temperature, the more vigorous the action. Weeds start sprouting at 10 – 15°C. Their
action becomes more vigorous with raised temperatures. A temperature greater than 18°C is
required to hasten germination. Therefore conditions are controlled to ensure that lactic
acid bacteria works until the temperature rises.
-
EM treatment in autumn
Spray 1-10L/ 10a of EM stock solution after harvest. This treatment should be carried out
as soon as possible after harvesting rice plants in order to have a higher ground
temperature (over 18°C) for a longer time. Weeds which sprout in the year can not survive
the coming winter, and they die. For a rice field that could be flooded in winter, a state
of flooding gives a greater effect.
-
EM treatment in spring
Spray 1-1 0L/ 10a of EM stock solution with molasses at rough puddling(depth of 15-20cm).
Let water into the field as soon as possible when the ground temperature is around 10°C,
and puddle roughly. Keep water from leaking to increase both the ground and water
temperature. Then flood shallowly, and keep the ground temperature >15°C for more than
20 days. A longer flooded period and higher ground temperature hastens germination of
weeds. After confirming the emergence of main weeds, do the second puddling(final
puddling). This time, puddle the outer side (around 5 cm deeps) to dig up both weeds just
sprouted and seeds. Let water into newly puddled field and wash them out. To avoid pushing
them out to the lower rice fields, pick them up at the water outlet by using cheese cloth
or some nets.
The sprouting condition depends on species of weeds. It is important to know the
characteristic of the weeds germinating in your rice field.
8.2 UPLAND FIELD CROPS (Top of Page)
[Preparation of soil]
1-2 months before seeding or transplanting, apply 30-200kg/ 10a of Bokashi and EM diluted solution
(1 :1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) and plow the field (In the tropics, bokashi can be
applied 2-3 weeks before seeding). After plowing, mulch field with rice straw, hay or a vinyl
sheet. The mulching is effective to keep soil moisture (i.e. help EM to increase), arid to control
weeds.
[Raising of seedling]
Prepare a good soil for raising seedling with Soil Bokashi. (*See Page 27). Soak seeds (such as
seed potatoes) in an EM diluted solution (1 :1000) for approximately 30 minutes to coat seed with
EM. This inoculates seed with EM. After seeding, water with EM (1:1000-2000). Then spray EM5
(1:1000) to prevent pests and diseases 1-2 times a week. For seedlings purchased (pot seedlings),
transplant after sprinkling a EM diluted solution (1:1000) 2-3 times instead of
flooding.
[Before and after transplanting (seeding)]
At 3-7 days before planting (seeding), apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock
solution). After transplanting, until roots develop, apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000 - 1:5000)
until the field is flooded. The volume of EM stock solution you can use this time is not fixed.
Dilute it appropriately according to the volume of water required for flooding.
*Bokashi should be applied at least 7-15 days before seeding or transplanting. Too much Bokashi
might cause problems.
[Growing period]
Depending on the crop, apply an EM diluted solution (1:1000) (EM stock solution 1-10L/10a/one time)
every 1 week for 1 month. Increased applications will not cause any problem, but will be more
effective. If it is expensive, effectual measures should be recommended. At the beginning of the
growth period, increase the number of times of application by shortening spray intervals. If the
growth is favorable, apply at longer intervals.
For prevention of pests, EM5 should be sprayed on the leaves regularly at 7 - 14 days intervals.
Addition of molasses or juice of Aloe(0.1%) as sticker into EM5 increases effectiveness. Please do
not spray EM5 at a dilution less than 1: 500. Apply Bokashi as additional manure, while observing
crop growth. Do not apply too much Bokashi at a time. Pay attention not to put Bokashi over the
crops directly, apply Bokashi around the crops.
Never use EM4 and 5 solutions diluted less than 1:500. Concentrated solution could cause a
physiological problem or yellow spots on the leaves, especially in dry seasons, because of the pH
of EM.
[Together agricultural chemicals] (We do not recommend to use these chemicals)
Agricultural chemicals, especially fungicides (soil disinfectant) reduce the effect of EM by half.
After applying these chemicals, try to spray EM5 days later.
[Harvest]
Harvest only necessary parts, and return all crop residue to the soil. Damaged and diseased plants
could also be added into the soil. EM is applied as a diluted solution(1 :1000) with Bokashi. Mulch
with rice straw or other material. Seeding or transplanting could be carried out 14 days - 1 month
after this treatment.
In case of non-tillage culture, start seeding or transplanting between crops before
harvest.
8.3 ORCHARD CROPS (Top of Page)
[Raising of seedling]
It is very important to select suitable species for the environmental condition and management
regimes of your orchard. It is also important to raise high quality and healthy seedlings using EM,
as it costs to replant fruit trees.
[Before and after planting]
Make the planting hole and put Bokashi and organic matter. After planting, mulch with rice straw or
fallen leaf and water with EM (1:1000).
[Growth period] Apply EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-10L/10a of EM stock solution) and Bokashi
(200g - 500g/a square meter) regularly. Spray EM5 (1:500-1:1000) regularly to prevent pests and
diseases. [After harvest]
Apply EM diluted solution (1:1000) (1-1 0L/ 10a of EM stock solution) and Bokashi (200g - 1kg/a
square meter).
[Sod culture system]
Cover ground with leguminous or graminaceous cover crops. Mow several times a year and use the
cuttings as a mulch. This system can prevent soil erosion, increase organic matter in soil and
improve soil aggregate structure. Alternate row sod systems or mulch-sod Systems are
recommended.
[Mulch with EM]
Grass Mulch is an important technique in nature farming. The good points of Mulch are as follows:
To prevent soil erosion, to keep soil moisture, soil temperature and maintain a good environment
for EM, to suppress weed, improve soil physical conditions by providing organic matter. To provide
nutrients (particularly water soluble potassium) to crops. Always try to mulch and apply Bokashi or
EM diluted with molasses on the mulch.
This manual presents basic information. Application depends on soil and climate
conditions, and culture such as green house or open air cultivation. The values on this manual
should be used only as a basic reference.
9.0 EM1 IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION (Top of Page)
9.1 Effects of EM1 on livestock (Top of Page)
- Suppresses the foul smell on livestock barns and septic tanks
- Decreases numbers of flies and ticks.
- Improves animal health
- Decreases the stress of animals.
- Improves meat quality.
- Improves fecundity.
- Improves animal dung quality. (produces good manure)
9.2 APPLICATION OF EM1 (Top of Page)
- Add EM Bokashi into feed of animals.
- Mix EM1 into drinking water.
- Spray EM1 multiplied solution on to the livestock barn.
- Sprinkle EM Bokashi on the bedding for animals.
- Put EM1 into septic tanks.
[Add EM Bokashi into feed of animals]
Prepare edible Bokashi and give to animal as additive feed. This Bokashi improves microflora in
intestines. As the result, health of animals is improved and the bad smell of dung is
suppressed.
Preparation
[Materials]
| Rice Bran |
100 litres |
| Wheatbran* |
100 litres |
| Molasses |
200 cc |
| EM1 |
200 cc |
| Water* |
20 - 30 Litres |
* Corn flour can also be used as a material.
** The quantity of water is a guideline. The quantum of water that needs to be added will depend on
the moisture content of the materials used. The ideal quantum of water is that required to moisten
the material, without drainage.
- Mix rice bran and wheat bran well.
- Dissolve molasses in the water (1:100). It is easy to dissolve molasses in warm water.
- Add EM1 into the above prepared molasses solution
- Pour the diluted EM mixture onto the organic matter and mix well. Please pour the EM
dilution gradually and mix well while checking the moisture content. There should be no
drainage of excess water. The moisture content should be about 30-40%. You can check it by
squeezing a handful. Once squeezed, it should remain as a single unit without crumbling.
However, on touching it should crumble easily.
- Put the mixture thus made into a bag that does not permit air movement (e.g. paper or
polyethylene bag). This is placed within another polyethylene bag (black vinyl) to prevent
movement of air. Close the bag tightly to maintain an anaerobic condition. This is placed away
from direct sunlight.
- The fermenting period is: In the temperate zone: In summer more than 3-4 days. In winter
more than 7-8 days. In winter, put the container in a warm location to hasten fermentation. In
the tropics: more than 3-4 days. If anaerobic conditions are not maintained, the temperature
increases. Ideally, the temperature should be around 35-45°C. Thus, please check temperature
regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50°C, mix the Bokashi
well to aerate it, and put into polyethylene bag (black vinyl) and close it to maintain
anaerobic conditions. The Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell. If it
produces a sour and rotten smell, it is a failure.
- The Bokashi should be used soon after preparation. If storage is required, spread it on a
concrete floor, dry well in the shade and then put into vinyl bag. Please prevent rodent or
other pest attacks.
Application
1) Mix the bokashi (1-5% of feed) into feed, or sprinkle the bokashi on feed
everyday.
2) Mix EM1 into drinking water.
EM improves microflora in intestines of animals. As the result, health of animals is improved and
also the bad smell of dung is suppressed.
Application
Put EM 1 in the drinking water for animals (1:1000 - 1:5000).
3) Spray EM multiplied solution on livestock barns.
Bad smells in barns and animal diseases are caused by increasing harmful microorganisms. These
produce harmful substances and toxins such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, tori-metiru-amin. EM
suppresses the increase of harmful microorganisms. Thus, the environment of the barns and animal
hygiene are improved.
Preparation
[Materials]
| Water* |
100 litres |
| Molasses |
1 litre |
| EM1 |
1 litre |
* Well water is preferred since tap water is chlorinated.
- Blend the molasses with water, make certain that it has been completely dissolved. You may
use warm water for quick dilution of molasses.
- Pour the mixed solution into a plastic bucket or drum which can be shut tightly.
- Store the bucket in a warm place (20-35°C), away from direct sunlight. It is ready for use
1-2 days later. However, it should be used within 3 days, after mixing.
Application.
Spray on livestock barn by sprayer. (spray onto floor, walls, ceiling and drain.) or use as water
for washing. Splashing EM solution on animals does not cause problems. However, in the winter do
not spray animals with EM solutions.
Spray 1-2 litres per square meter every 3-7 days. When bad smell is suppressed, the number of spray
can be decreased.
In case of treading style beds such as in cattle pens, applying this EM solution in rainy season or
winter may cause excess humidity. In such case, use EM Bokashi (show following) instead of this EM
multiplied solution.
4) Sprinkle Bokashi on the bedding for animals
Preparation
[Materials]
| Rice Bran |
100 litres |
| Sawdust |
100 litres |
| Molasses |
200 cc |
| EM1 |
200 cc |
| Water |
20 - 30 litres |
Preparation is the same as for "EM Bokashi for animals"
Application
Sprinkle about 50g (a handful of bokashi) per 1 square meters on the bed every 3-7 days. Once the
bad smell is lessened, sprinkle it at longer intervals (every 2 weeks - 1 month). Consumption of
the sprinkled bokashi on the bed does not cause problems.
5) Put EM1 into septic tanks.
By adopting application methods 1 to 4, EM is fixed in excreta of animals (manure). Fixed EM
utilizes excreta actively, and suppress the work of harmful microorganisms. As the result, the bad
smells of septic tanks are reduced. The sludge and scam in septic tanks are decreased. Putting EM
into septic tanks increases these effects much more.
Application
Put EM1 stock or EM1 multiplied solution into septic tank (1% of total water amount in tank) every
1-2 weeks. For example, put 10 litres of EM 1 multiplied solution into 1 ton tank.
10.0 EM1 IN FISH CULTURE (Top of Page)
EM1 is useful for fish and prawn culture, because it improves water quality.
Application
Put EM1 into the pond. (0.01% of total water in the pond)(1:10000) every month. Please check the
odor of water regularly. If the bad smell is not suppressed, put EM1 at shorter
intervals.
Mixing "EM bokashi for animals" into feed for fish (1-5% of feed) is very effective in raising the
productivity of fish farms.
11.0 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF USING EM1 (Top of Page)
(1) EM is a living thing
EM is a living entity. Therefore, EM is completely different from chemical fertilizers or
agrochemicals. EM does not work when applied in the same method as chemical fertilizers or
agrochemicals. It is important to note that EM increases population of beneficial microbes in the
soil.
(2) Use good quality water
It is important to use good quality water when watering crops, diluting EM 1, preparing Bokashi and
EM5. Using polluted water (high BOD, Low DO) causes infection of pests and diseases, reduction of
yield and crop quality. If you can not get good quality water, please filter it by charcoal or EM
ceramics.
(3) Storage of diluted solution
It is desirable to utilize diluted EM1 solutions within 3 days.
(4) Storage information
Store of EM1 - up to 6 months in a closed container, in a cool and dark place, (Please do not store
in refrigerator). Check smell if in doubt. EM 1 always has a sweet and sour smell. If smell is
foul, do not use it. After the cap of bottle is opened and air comes in, a white membrane may be
observed on the surface of EM1. This is yeast and does no cause a problem.
CONVERSION TABLE (Area)
1 are (1a) = 100m²
1 hectare (1 ha) = 100are (100a) = 2.471 acres
1 km² = 100 hectares (100 ha)
1 acre = 0.4047 hectare
APPENDIX:1 EXAMPLES OF BOKASHI FOR YOUR INFORMATION (Top of Page)
1. Manure Bokashi
(1) Materials
| Dung of any animals |
2 parts |
| Rice Bran |
1 part |
| Rice Husk |
1 part |
| EM1 and Molasses |
n/a |
(2) Preparation
- Mix dung, rice bran and husk well
- Dissolve EM1 and molasses in the water(1:1:100)
- Spray the EM1 diluted solution on the dry igredients with a watering can.
- The moisture content should be 30-40%.
- Heap on a floor in flat shape to a height of about 15-20cm. Cover it with gunny bag.
- During fermentation the temperature should be kept around 35-45° C. Thus please check
temperature regularly using a normal thermometer. If the temperature rises beyond 50°C, mix the
Bokashi well to aerate it.
- Bokashi is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell and white mold is observed.
If it has a sour and rotten smell, it is failure.
2. Rice and rice straw Bokashi
This bokashi can be prepared economically in the field.
(1) Materials (for 5a)
| Rice Straw (preferably chopped) |
200 kg |
| Weed Straw |
50 kg |
| Rice Bran |
5 kg |
| Chicken Dung |
10 kg |
| EM1 and Molasses |
n/a |
(2) Preparation
- Dissolve EM 1 and molasses in the water (1:1:100).
- Soak a part of rice straw into the diluted EM1 solution. Then drain the straw and place on
the ground. Tread them well to remove air, and heap to a height of 30cm.
- Soak a part of weeds in diluted EM1 solution and put them on the rice straw. Tread them to
remove air, and heap to a height of 10 cm.
- Mix rice bran and chicken dung, and sprinkle it on surface of weeds to a 1cm thickness. Mix
with fork.
- Repeat 1 to 4. till the height of heap becomes 1-1.5m.
- Cover the top by gunny bag, and then by vinyl sheet to obtain anaerobic conditions and
prevent infiltration of rainwater.
- When temperature goes down after fermentation, turn it and leave 3-7days.
Thereafter, it is ready for use. (white mold will be observed.)
3. 24 HOURS COMPOST
(1) Materials
| Any kind of straw (dried and chopped) |
10 parts |
| Bokashi |
1 part |
| Rice Bran |
1 part |
| EM1 and Molasses |
n/a |
(2) Preparation
- Dissolve EM1 and molasses in the water (1:1:100).
- Soak rice straw in the above EM1 diluted solution.
- Mix wet straws with bokashi and rice bran.
- Put it on a floor to a height of 15-20cm height, and cover it with gunny bag.
- Turn it over after 18 hours and continue to ferment for a further 6 hours. It is ready for
application in the farm. If it is hot, spread and uncover it.
APPENDIX:2 SOIL FOR RAISING SEEDLINGS (Top of Page)
(1) Material
| Soil |
20 parts |
| Bokashi |
1 part |
| Rice Husk |
1 part |
| EM1 and Molasses |
n/a |
(2) Preparation
- Mix soil, bokashi, and rice husk charcoal together.
- Dissolve EM1 and molasses in water (1:1:100), and sprinkle the solution on the above
mixture while mixing it. The moisture content should be about 30%.
- Cover it with gunny bag and vinyl sheet.
- Turn it several times to prevent the temperature rising above 50°C.
- Leave the soil for 3 weeks-covered with a vinyl sheet to avoid drying out.
- It is ready for use when it gives a sweet fermented smell and white mold is observed. If it
has a sour and rotten smell, it is failure.
(3) Application.
Use this soil when you raise seedlings of vegetable and fruit.
APPENDIX 3: PREPARATION OF EM1 SECONDARY STOCK SOLUTION (Top of Page)
If you cannot get sufficient EM1 stock solution for your land, you can multiply available EM1 stock
solutions. This secondary EM1 stock solution can be used instead of the original EM1 stock
solution. However, this multiplied EM1 (EM1 secondary stock solution) is inferior to original EM1
(EM1 stock solution) in quality.
Storage period of EM1 secondary stock solution is obviously shorter than the original EM1 stock
solution.
Material
| Water (without chlorine) |
100 litres |
| EM1 |
5 litres |
| Molasses |
5 litres (or 5 kg brown sugar) |
(2) Preparation
- Mix EM1 and Molasses well in the water.
- Pour the mixture into a clean plastic container or drum, which can be shut tightly (A glass
container is not applicable.) and store at the ambient temperature.
- After 3-10 days, when pH is below 3.5, it is ready for use.
* It is desirable to use this secondary solution as soon as possible. It can be stored for 1
week under air tight and shady condition.
* DO not multiply the third EM1 stock solution from EM1 secondary stock solution, because it is
very difficult to prevent contamination. The balance of microorganisms is changed, and the efficacy
is lost.
APPENDIX 4: SOIL CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF MICROBIAL
ACTIVITY (Top of Page)
(1) Disease-inducing soil
The percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is high (more than 15 - 20%) in this soil. When raw organic
matter containing high nitrogen is applied, this soil produces a foul odor. Maggots develop in the
soil together with many harmful insects. Pest and disease infestation is high with significant
damage to the crops.
Therefore, applying raw organic matter is harmful for crops in this soil. Application of raw
organic matter hardens the soil. The soil physical conditions deteriorate. In case of rice fields,
gas is generated. Application of high quantities of chemical fertilizer and/or agricultural
chemicals leads to the development of this type of soil.
(2) Disease-suppressive soil
Microorganisms which produce antibiotic substances exist in this soil. Thus, soil borne diseases do
not develop easily. As Microorganisms such as Penicilium, Tricoderma, Streptamyces are active, the
percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low (less than 5%) in this soil. When raw organic matter
containing high nitrogen is applied to such soil, foul odors do not develop. The soil has the fresh
sweet smell of mountain soil after decomposition. Soil aggregation and permeability are improved.
On cultivation, pest and disease infestation is very low, but the yield is not so good. If this
soil links up with a "Synthetic soil", productivity is enhanced.
(3) Zymogenic soil
This soil primarily contains zymogenic microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. When
raw organic matter containing high nitrogen is applied, this soil develops an aromatic fermented
smell. The populations of fermentable fungi such as Aspergillus and Rhizopus are increased. The
percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low (less than 5%) in this soil. The water-stable soil
aggregate is high, and the soil becomes soft. Thus the solubility of inorganic nutrients enhances.
The presence of amino acid, sugars, vitamins and other bioactive substances is increased in this
soil, thereby promoting growth of crops.
(4) Synthetic soil
This soil contains microorganisms such as photosynthetic, nitrogen fixing bacteria. Under stable
soil moisture conditions, the soil quality is enhanced by addition of small volume of organic
matter. The percentage of Fusarium in all fungi is low in this soil. This soil often links up with
a "disease-suppressive soil"
Zymogenic-synthetic soil
When "Zymogenic-soil" and "Synthetic soil" are linked, it becomes an ideal soil for crop
production. Such as soil is termed "Zymogenic-synthetic soil".
1) Teruo Higa (1991) "Microorganisms for Agriculture and Environmental Preservation", P33-34,
Nou-bun Kyo. (In Japanese)
|